Which of the following options is a major cause of pump failure?

Cavitation is a major cause of pump failure because it occurs when the pressure within the pump drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid being pumped. This leads to the formation of vapor bubbles, which, when they collapse, can create intense shock waves. These shock waves can result in physical damage to the internal components of the pump, such as the impeller and casing. Continuous exposure to this damaging effect can significantly reduce the lifespan of the pump and ultimately lead to its failure.

Addressing the context for other options, while corrosion, misalignment, and overheating are important factors that can contribute to pump failure, cavitation specifically results in immediate physical damage through the collapse of vapor bubbles. Corrosion can degrade materials over time, misalignment can cause excessive wear, and overheating can damage seals and bearings, but none lead to the sudden and violent effects seen with cavitation. Understanding the dynamics of cavitation and how to prevent it is crucial for effective pump operation and longevity.